Minimalism

c. 1960–1975

Minimalism emerged primarily in the United States as a reaction against expressive abstraction. Artists reduced form to basic shapes and industrial materials. The work avoids symbolism and personal expression. Meaning arises from the viewer’s physical relationship to the object and space.

Fluorescent Light Installation

Dan Flavin

1963

Light-based works using industrial materials to shape perception of space.

Equivalent VIII

Carl Andre

1966

Floor-based sculpture redefining sculptural form and placement.

Untitled (Stacks)

Donald Judd

1967

Serial wall-mounted units emphasizing material, repetition, and space.